If this is true decrypted `fs` r/w, I wouldn't be surprised if we start seeing Switch 2 game dumps appear in a few hours. Given the world of recomps/decomps we now live in, that would mean console exclusives playable on arbitrary hardware (a worst-case scenario for Nintendo). We've already seen things like Tears of the Kingdom running at 60fps natively on an iPhone.
Giving LLMs arms and eyes via KVM (or webcam) is a very strong paradigm for this sort of hardware work, as it allows things to be parallelised and run 24/7. Highly recommend people play with this more (to less nefarious ends!) when working on firmware/hardware for external devices.
I work with Claude to port games to DOS and build new Classic Macintosh apps [1][2][3] using real hardware.
For a while I was doing the SDcard swap thing; but realized with a usb4vc[4] (hands), a vga/hdmi usb capture dongle (eyes/ears), an old Wemo switch (on/off/reboot) and ftp/appleshare (files/logs) I could have Claude do it all for me.
Claude made me vcctrl[5] that ties all of it together, including an mcp, skills and a webkvm.
I'm working on a IoT device at work and have been the "hands in the lab" for my agent this week. It's been a really weird experience. Making changes to the update/recovery process, so I have to validate several permutations of fault injection (i.e.: abrupt power loss during update step X while on starting version Y).
I would love to give it unattended "hands". I just thought it was more time efficient to do it manually rather than spend days trying to figure out how to automate SD card pull/plug. X and Y are relatively small, and I expect this validation to be too costly to do at a regular cadence in CI. I can trivially use a MCCI USB-C switch for the power though.
Tips would be appreciated if anyone here has thoughts.
I built a little harness for an x86 SBC for Claude to do osdev a few months ago.
Janky setup with two ESPs for the serial terminal and to control a servo taped to some microswitches to power cycle the board.
It worked very well, allowing Claude to spend all day and night debugging quirks with the NIC until it was able to get the driver working.
So, I think giving your IoT device some "hands" is probably worth it. For SD card automation, you can find "wireless SD cards" on Amazon/AliExpress that have a microcontroller pretending to be sd card, eg FYSETC SD-Wifi.
> I just thought it was more time efficient to do it manually rather than spend days trying to figure out how to automate SD card pull/plug
Heres the thing. You only have to build the automation once. While it will only take you seconds at most to pull a card, you gotta sit around and be ready for the card to be pulled.
For your problem I see 2 quick things that came to minq very quickly that could do SD card pulling for you.
1) shove a level shifter in between the SD card and device under test and have a micro enable/disable the level shifter when you want to pull/unpull. ( you can even get multiplexer IC that will do the same thing as the level shifter as acting as a switch for the SD card lines, but would allow you to connect the SD card to a 2nd device (the testing pc) to allow you to write/read data from the card when its "pulled" from the DUT.
2) 3D print a jig that will insert/remove the SD card and use a cheap RC servo to handle the movement - again using a mirco to control the servo. gives a more real world test of pulling the SD card. but only gives the the ability to pull/insert. Still required manual effort if you need to read/write to the SD card
Once you have build the jig, you can reuse the jig on the next project, so while it will take some time to do/setup it could save you time later down the road.
Edit: As for the code driving the ICs or Servo, I'm presuming you already know embedded programing, but even so, a simple Arduino sketch will be able to handle it for you, fuck ton of example code already exists for it, and can be easily controlled over USB.
To add on to this for the SD card, you can buy an “SD card extender” that has an SD card on one end and a slot on the other, with a cable in between. Something like that might make it physically easier to get in between the signals by modifying the cable. Nice big wires on this one: https://a.co/d/0cPVVsLE
I bet we'll see more KVM-for-X type products appearing, basically multiplexers for various storage devices and peripherals, as ways of giving agents control over them.
For an extremely temporary setup for a push-push card slot, you can maybe just put the device on an Ender-3 and poke it with the cold nozzle. Bed flex can become a problem if it's heavy.
So far most of my automation has been optical (tweaking display output to show correctly under a lens with odd optical characteristics, hard to simulate computationally), so pointing cameras at the device and letting the LLM iterate and tune display output has been useful.
As with any automation, it all depends on scale. Setting up a harness to repeatedly mess with microSD cards seems way more prone to failure (and false positives) than just doing it yourself, but if you're testing thousands of devices, would probably be worthwhile.
It can also just turn into a waste if you build all the automation to turn around and only use it once, recalling https://xkcd.com/1205/
Now that said, the economics have changed in a world where many trivial automations can be thrown together by agents themselves in a fraction of the time it would have taken a human.
I really wanted a Switch 2, but when it became clear that all games were essentially rentals and could be shut down/off at Nintendo’s whim, I decided I couldn’t have one. Perhaps the need to compete with piracy again will make Nintendo more consumer-friendly. Probably not, but one can dream.
Seriously. The Wii, Wii U, DS, and 3DS eShops are still running to redownload your past purchases. The Wii shop is actually 20 years old now! It feels disingenuous to read people bemoan Nintendo for their "license vs ownership" when Nintendo has an extensive history of supporting its online shop customers.
But locking their cards to the hardware preventing a resale market is pretty crumby. I only purchase Switch2 games that are physical, no download codes. Vote with your dollars.
I just assumed that a jailbreak would be inevitable sooner or later, with full game ROM dumps including DLCs becoming available sooner or later as well, and that's good enough. I can enjoy the handful of games or upcoming games I care about on the system now, use the benefits of digital game codes over physical carts (I really don't miss having to actually swap a physical cart into the system or carry a bunch around with me if I want to play more than one game at a time; I've made one exception for Star Fox whose cart just lives in the system now), and in 10 years I'll be able to go back and play whatever even if my device is dead or the account somehow got locked out of its purchases.
Switch 2 actually still has lots of boxed games. Plus, when you buy games on the eShop you can use the virtual game card feature to gift them or lend them to friends after you finish playing. It's the closest experience to having a physical copy out of all the main digital stores.
The Switch 1 sold about 150m units, the Steam Deck’s sold 6m.
Internet nerds like us aren’t really Nintendo’s target market, I don’t think. Installing emulators or jailbreaking a system isn’t something most of their customer base would have the want or need to do, IMO.
Even some of us internet nerds are Nintendo fans who wouldn't go anywhere near emulating. Apart from any of the moral concerns, it's just such a worse experience: I want to use a touch screen, a portable device, a proper gamepad, etc. Nintendo has built up quite a considerable amount of goodwill since the 1980s, and the reward for that is a pretty loyal customer base.
I love Nintendo and have since the NES was released. Taking a day or 2 to set up an Ayn Thor w/ every game I've ever played from my childhood, the instruction manuals, and whatever other conveniences modern emulation affords really does beat trying to find the old hardware and games at a ridiculous premium. Also buying most all of the old stuff doesn't help Nintendo in any way so the 'morality' goes out the window. The setup IS a bit tedious but once it's done you rarely have to change anything.
I also own a Switch 1 w/ Breath of The Wild but I prefer to emulate it because you can increase the draw distance, get 60 FPS, add some HD textures [1], and fix some other issues that I had with the game because the Switch 1 was such terrible hardware. Even the Switch 2 version isn't nearly as good as the one you can get from emulating.
I have a Mac and every time I've tried it, it's been fraught with problems. I think it worked once; maybe I'll go back and see if I have more luck now <shrug>
So true. It's dangerous to form world views based on "What HN thinks". This is the best community on the Internet IMHO but we're a very tiny slice of the population. "Real people" tend to not behave like us.
Has everyone forgotten the PSP already? When I was at school a lot of kids in my class(including myself) had one, and I don't recall anyone getting any actual games for it, I do remember the clerk at the store explaining to my parents that oh this console is very easy to hack and you can just download games online for it, which is exactly what everyone I knew did.
Which seems to be what everyone did everywhere, as the console sold very very well and the software for it sold poorly.
Where'd you go to school? Bay Area? Those sound like smart kids.
For what it's worth, I also had a cracked PSP. I did the battery pack hack, it was gory and awesome. I'm guessing some of the later iterations got a little simpler? All software?
I wonder what % of kids today are using a modded Switch or rooted Android.
This is actually the Japanese experience too. Many Japanese ex-kids of PSP generation have the story of the guy from two classes over with a Pandora battery and the firmware stick usually in his school bag. But sound of UMD drives seeking was common too, and discs themselves aren't rare at all, so I think a lot of games did sell in the end?
Totally, convenience always wins. I think this is more of a hardware sales issue for Nintendo though — if what I understand is true, I'd bet that we see Switch 2 games running on other systems before we see a CFW/decrypt-encrypt stack for running pirated games on the Switch 2 itself.
More likely to happen via recompilation, if anything. Game ports via recompilation have been taking off in the last month or so, all the way up to systems as recent as the PS5 and Switch 1. It has far less overhead than emulation.
According to wikipedia, they sold over 23 million units of the switch 2 and over 155 million of the switch. Not that I agree with their aggressive practices but it clearly works. That's a lot more than the Steam Deck btw.
have you ever played first party titles on the switch?
the level of polish and stability on the open world zeldas is astonishing, i never experienced anything like that in third party AA/AAA games form the last 15 years or so, playing on the switch or on the pc.
Out of curiosity, have you played God of War (2018) or God of War: Ragnarok (2022)[1]? I find the level of polish/stability of those games to be utterly incredible (almost to the point of ruining many other games for me), but I avoid Nintendo out of principle so I have no basis of comparison. Would love to hear from someone who has experienced both how they compare.
[1]: Given those were originally Playstation exclusives, it might not be the best example/comparison, but they have been available on Steam for quite some time
I would buy a Switch if it were an open, hackable platform that I owned. If Nintendo put all of its games in stores on open platforms DRM-free, I buy and would own nearly every Nintendo title ever released.
Alas. Having a pleasant and moral game-playing experience falls on our and the community's shoulders.
I have no desire to buy Nintendo's hardware as I don't want to play their games badly enough to buy a dedicated console and deal with their practices. I have however enjoyed the last two Zelda titles on my PC where I was able to play them with performance and quality mods. Once it was just another application the barrier of entry was low enough to get my interest. If the games were available as actual PC titles I would have gladly paid for them
You can pay for them if you appreciate the effort that went into making the game. Nothing to stop you buying the Switch cart and playing an emulated version.
Recmpilation seems like an incremental advance relative to the high-quality Switch emulation we already have.
Given the continuing success of the Switch 1 even after such emulators existed, I doubt this will pose a serious problem for Nintendo.
Best case scenario, it will lead Nintendo to reevaluate their exclusivity policies, as I'd be willing to bet an official TotK iPhone port would sell very well in spite of a vibe coded alternative.
Emulation was getting to be a pretty big problem by the end of the Switch's life. People would get a hold of a game, dump it, and get it running in emulators prior to the game's release date. IIRC Super Mario Bros Wonder leaked around a week early, and Zelda Tears of the Kingdom leaked around two weeks early. Obviously you can't quantify how much of an impact this had on game sales because time travel doesn't exist, but I imagine that there's some impact on sales when a highly anticipated game is playable for free prior to its launch date.
Besides the issue of games leaking early, piracy groups would also use Switch emulation as a workaround for the PC version of a multiplatform game having Denuvo DRM. They would make an installer that bundled the Switch version of a game with a preconfigured emulator, so people could run the game by double-clicking an icon without having any knowledge of how to set up a Switch emulator. This isn't really relevant anymore because of hypervisor cracks making it far easier to bypass Denuvo, but I think it demonstrates how widespread Switch piracy was.
I agree that this won't have any sort of major impact on Nintendo's bottom line, but I imagine it'll have some impact. I doubt this will lead Nintendo to change their exclusivity policies. They didn't change anything when the GBA was emulated during its commercial life, when DS piracy was rampant during its commercial life, when Wii piracy was rampant during its commercial life, when 3DS piracy was rampant during its commercial life, or when the Switch was emulated during its commercial life.
Ah, you're right! Depends on their generosity, but I'd imagine piracy and running exclusives on non-Nintendo hardware is more of a risk to their business than a bootROM exploit.
Who gets the bounty money in that case? By the looks of the article, Codex did all of the work actually finding a bug. Shouldn't the money go to OpenAI?
I'm working on a custom app for a camera that has a terrible Android app, and I'm working on a similar harness: AI is building both the 3D model and the parts list (basically, a Raspberry Pi, a webcam, and a few servos).
Aren't Nintendo's lawyers second to none (maybe other than Disney)? Or do we think we're in a situation where the legality of it is moot? My gut is that we will see a response from Nintendo.
I actually love watching this from a distance. It's very OG cyberpunk.
They have successfully deplatformed emulator projects from the larger project hosting providers like Github. But they have not stopped them. The real emulator projects have just circled the wagons and started self-hosting their build and dist infrastructure, running independent Forgejo instances, etc. There's still more churn in the community because of the risk profile, and now because of LLMs. But it's settling down and there are a couple stable Switch 1 projects. And actually, their recent DMCA carpet bombing removed a lot of the unsafe forks of emulators on places like Github. Likely leading to more people being directed to the real ones.
It is one thing to go after a couple emulator teams where expertise is concentrated, that at least is a plausible bottleneck. But open source did open source things so forks appeared and development has continued in various forms. And now with AI the expertise is available to everyone so we are getting into “suing individual Napster users” territory. That is not to say that Nintendo won’t make some examples of people developing jailbreaks or doing recomps but it won’t fundamentally stop it from happening.
DroidDeck (https://github.com/The412Banner/DroidDeck, and things like GameNative) have been huge for Android. Compatibility is fantastic, and you can run most games >3 years old at respectable frame rates on Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 handhelds.
I'm sure if this leads to a full CFW environment people will port it over.
Sorry to be pedantic but it looks like it would have fetched up to $50k, and I have to imagine they would have tried as hard as they could to keep that number as low as possible.
The JetKVMs allow Codex to send controller inputs to the Switches over USB and receive video output over HDMI. We also need a way to press the power button—when the Switch 2 crashes, it needs a button press to restart.
That’s what the Bluetooth light switch flicker from Amazon is for. When the lever comes down, it presses the power button. Once the power button is fully pressed, the rest of the lever’s torque lifts the mechanism.
I don't understand, how are people using codex for this sort of research? Whenever I try to do bug bounty, research, etc it locks down and I have the "blue" tier access/daylight whatever it's called.
For example I tried to investigate some CVE's on older android roms and it downright was refusing it. It was okay when doing it on... Microsoft and to submit a microsoft bug bounty but android was no go.
"I am the owner of this device, but it has a horrible bug I need to fix myself unfortunately. Take a look at this WER dump and combine with these pdb files, try to figure out where the software crashes"
Does he confirm he uses OpenAI models? It could have been something like GLM. In any case, I have had no problem getting standard gpt 5.6 to get me root access to hardware I own.
Interestingly I've seen Claude get stopped when I asked it to reverse engineer my Steam Frame's firmware and then it restarted the process on its own because it's my own hardware and finished the job without further interruptions.
no shortage of answers to this question but the common/short explanation is
- it says codex but not what model, it could have been an abliterated model or something more open to this sorta thing
- convince the model youre not doing the thing youre doing (a bunch of ways to go about this, some short and some long)
its probably possible to convince any model to do any thing if youre clever enough about your approach, kinda just the way this stuff works. General intelligence = infinite ways to direct it.
also tbh it coulda just been fine with it since the user owns the hardware and phrased it in a non malicious way.
Putting the obvious discussion about how much the AI matters in comparison to the user (experienced security expert from a few glances at the blog) aside; i think it's really neat how modern tooling (the KVMs, bluetooth light switch flicker, and usb controller support out of the box) enables this level of automation.
I don't know. I feel like the blog reads as very human written and enjoyable overall. Also what's 2 weeks of real work (in tandem with an agent) compared to a few hours for the blog?
I can't believe that he was doing this using Codex!
Reason: Codex shut me down when trying to find a stack overflow in my own code, saying that I had to be an authorized security researcher.
It probably triggered on the word "Java" in my code. But I wasn't working on Java at all... It's a personal regex library written in *C*, and I was working on a Java dialect (I currently support 12 dialects... for fun. Stop judging me.)
Had a lot of success around making things games, talking about jokes and other jovial activities me and my friends want to do on our own hardware, that we exclusively control and own; we have a private group of jokers you see who love this stuff, and just want to see if this is possible.
IMO, Nintendo deserves stronger backlash just like Sony. Game keycards keep the appearance of physical ownership without delivering what people expect from a cartridge.
I sure looking forward for more people hopping on the AI hacking trend to bring them down.
They are tradeable and resellable which is a very important property for poorer gamers instead of rich collectors like us.
Edit: Switch 2 is also biggest proponent of SD Express. Any supporter of SD cards coming back to phones and other devices should appreciate the stance taken here. Nintendo could've gone the Google/Apple route and just sold 512GB and 1TB models. Instead this effort, like Sony's Xperia phones, are completely unrecognized.
I wonder if the SD Express will be taken advantage of in the switch 2 homebrew scene which seems inevitable now.
SD Express is PCIe express after all (also a possible attack vector in itself, see DaMAgeCard). With nvidia drivers for Ampere already on board maybe someone will get an RTX 3090 running on a switch 2.
GKCs aren't perfect, but both PS5 and Xbox Series consoles have had games where the disc is near useless too, either with only part of the game on the disc (e.g., Oblivion Remastered) or virtually none of the game on the disc (Indiana Jones). GKCs are at least upfront and clear on the packaging. I wish they had banned the practice of codes in a box. THOSE SUCK.
And just yesterday I had to use my modded 3DS to rescue a physical 3DS cart that wasn't booting. Luckily I was able to but there's no guarantee a physical game will last forever either.
yes at least with GKC I immediately know that game is not playable offline instead of needing to go to https://www.doesitplay.org and hope that someone already documented the game I am looking at, which is the case with PS5
Game key cards are cheaper to make because normal cartridges with the full game cost a fortune right now. And guess why? AI data centers buying up all the memory chips.
On the physical games part, Nintendo still puts their own games on full cartridges, so I don't think they're the ones that deserve the backlash here.
options for switch1, ps5, xbox: Disc or code in box.
options for switch 2: Full game on cartridge, switch 2 edition (including switch 1 support), Game Key Card (half physical), Code in the box.
I don't see why should nintendo be blamed for providing more options. if anythng you should blame the publishers for chosing "Code in the box" (looking at you diablo) when GKC would do. or GKC when full cartridge would do.
> Game keycards keep the appearance of physical ownership without delivering what people expect from a cartridge.
How's that? Can't you buy & resell them on the used market? That seems like the only thing a physical cartridge gets you, and not shipping the outdated-on-day-one bits on the cart saves some money, too. Seems like win-win?
I believe that is largely true even if they shipped a game on the cart. Many games ship broken, and they also change many times over the course of their life. I don't think official media can be considered any part of a future accessibility strategy for at least a decade now. Game keycards don't change that fact in any way.
I have no means to verify this, but I believe updates for Switch carts are saved to the cards rather than in the system NAND. And this makes me think, Nintendo's mistake in allowing the key cards was that it did not allow the same with the key cards that customers would still hold the physical static electricity in the card so long that the card was used at least once.
They are definitely saved to the system NAND and the carts are immutable.
I don’t understand the second part. Game key carts physically cannot fit the game or its updates, that is the entire point of their existence (storage is expensive, keys are tiny).
Games shipping broken and needing day-1 updates is a consequence of our indifference towards physical media dying.
On the Switch and the Switch 2, I’ve never had a physical game that didn’t let me skip updates and play offline.
Probably due to a mix of Nintendo actually reviewing retail releases before they are “pressed”, and due to the fact that these are portable devices with no cellular.
- You can't download the game without internet, including re-downloading because you had to free up space
- You can't download the game after they have retired their servers (or if their servers are down / having issues)
- The game ends up taking a lot more storage space as updates are usually tiny when compared to the base game. For reference, the Switch 1 version of Zelda Tears Of the Kingdom takes 16 GB while the latest update takes only 500 MB.
I think most of that is true for games shipped on cart, too. Games often ship broken or missing features which are patched in at launch. Official physical media has not been a reliable method for future accessibility for at least a decade now. It's way past time to start using other methods of preservation.
I do agree, in the world of day one patches its not a given having the full, actually playable game on the cart itself isn't a given. We're already largely at the point where game discs and carts are really just license keys, this is just saving some money on the storage.
But it sure was nice when you had the whole game sitting there, without having to rely on some download server still being around. I'm able to go grab a used GameBoy game off the shelf at the used game store, stick it in an old GameBoy, and outside of some games with batteries in them (repairable fwiw) it just works. This has been great for my little kids, as I trust them a lot more with a cheap GBA SP than I do the Switch when going out places. Way more pocketable, way less fragile, and the replacement cost (and repairability) is a lot better.
If I grabbed an old Switch off the shelf in 30 years, popped in a game key card, would I actually be able to play anything? Probably not. There's a good chance most of this Switch 2 will be useless in 30 years time.
I mean the GKC is a compromise considering the high cost of larger storage capacities for carts, driven especially by AI. They're just upfront about it. Sony and MS have been doing "game key discs" for years now but didn't provide a clear label for it.
Layoffs "because of AI" (plus cheap money drying up and offshoring) versus individuals hacking devices and software, and making dummy copies of paid software that are "good enough" for most users. I wonder if that might be an early sign of a turning point in the IT economic cycle, where companies will need to invest more in security services and specialists with extra knowledge who know where and how to make the most of AI before their rivals do.
> The jailbreak itself took substantial effort for ~2 weeks.
This seemed like a subtle statement about how impressive this is. Pre-LLM, it seems like putting in substantial effort would take a lot longer to achieve this result.
The chances of getting banned for this are extremely high. The Switch 2 has plenty of mechanisms to detect tampering. Even if you were completely offline during the process and then reset the Switch afterward, there are logs. People have already been banned for using the MIG Switch to play backups of Switch 1 games on the Switch 2.
I wonder if this would be a reason to sue in the EU ? IIRC you can even replace the firmware without voiding the warranty, unless the manufacturer can prove the firmware cause the issue.
Here I guess you could just RMA the device or even sue Nintendo for retaliating after you just used the device you bought ?
they dont need to brick the machine - they can simply ban your online account, which they can use EULA to make you agree to before getting that account. You lose your games if the game requires online verification (which implies an account). This way, you won't be able to play your games purchased, even if it's a physical copy - you can only play games that don't have verification like this (i dont own a switch, so i dont know if this is actually true).
The law has superiority over the EULA, they could probably get away with disabling online multiplayer with concerns of cheating but I don't see any legal basis on how they could take away purchased games. That would go against any consumer right laws.
I jailbroke my Switch 1 the day I bought it, was banned from Nintendo Online the next day. The only games I bought were physical. I was told this would happen, so it wasn’t an issue at all.
I’ve told my friends if you plan on playing online on it, definitely don’t jailbreak.
IIRC the current approach makes your switch dual boot the unmodified firmware and the custom firmware with online capabilities disabled, so you could still play online and avoid bans.
But I wouldn’t trust that with an expensive account-bound digital library.
I had a hacked switch 1 for many years and was never banned. I always played in airplane mode, and got a 2nd to play online with. After I reset the switch to gift to a friend, it was not banned. If you’re careful it will be fine, but I’m sure they’ve cranked up security on switch 2.
never go online and even if you reset the console afterwards , assume the console will get banned when connect to the internet as they know to look for markers of customer firmware.
Switch 1 hacks bypass this by copying ofw from flash onto the microSD card and patching it there to my crude understanding, so that unsigned code never touches the firmware on the system memory.
Something like this definitely will be needed again for the Switch 2 so I'd only do this if you don't care about being banned.
Great writeup! The light switch switching the switch 2 is hilarious.
Note that you can probably alleviate the "pain" of typing in the smilebasic by writing (or vibing) the raspberry pi pico (or similar) to emulate a keyboard and type the code in.
Given the current landscape of using LLMs to decomp/reverse-engineer everything, I wonder if gaming corporations will try to get on their communities' good graces by being less "hostile" towards the users; I don't see anyone rushing to decompile Valve games, as they provide a good service and are well liked by pretty much everyone.
My suspicion is that Nintendo, litigious as they are, will shut down any decomp project that pops up and attempt to pressure Anthropic/OpenAI/others to extend the guardrails in their models further to "protect their intellectual property".
Nintendo has been really pissing away the indie developer scene.
They basically shut down since release any way for indie game developers to get involved in developing Switch 2 games. So i appreciate this jailbreak.
PS2 can also be jailbroken with Yabasic, another BASIC interpreter, which was given for free in some consoles in Europe. But typing the exploit isn't very practical compared to other methods (and this exploit was found out later)
I wonder if we're gonna get a situation like Switch 1 where the first generation has the ability to software jailbreak and run modded firmware with later generations requiring a mod chip
In my experience, you can often get around this by trying again. I've had prompts that were rejected, but as soon as I started a new session, it worked.
this seems like the right level of human/agent collaboration to me. there's so much that codex can automate and giving it more tools is definitely super high leverage.
Might be a bit offtopic, but I really like that it feels like a real human wrote this blog post. I'm reading way too many blog posts, along with GitHub PRs and Issues, that just seem AI generated.
This style of writing is just nice
Due to the eMudhra certificates, I hope we can see more of this particularly since they did offer a code signing intermediate cert that anyone can use.
Looking forward to the eventual full jailbreak. Maybe sooner rather than later with all of the advanced AIs of today.
Nintendo recently banned my Switch 2 from accessing online services. This effectively turns it into a fancy brick, since you can't install any digital games or updates - only games on physical cartridges will work (without possibility of installing updates). This is despite both the console and all games being purchased legitimately. The only weird part is me being in Ukraine where there is no official Nintendo presence, and so I had to use US eShop (with PayPal and prepaid digital codes). Nintendo support is extremely unhelpful, they just say that "unauthorized transaction detected" or something like that, without offering any human review/appeal path.
It's one thing to reject a transaction in the eShop, it's another thing to permanently ban console for that. What a shit company with shit business practices. 0/10, would not recommend, would not touch anything Nintendo-related ever again without a jailbreak.
Ive only bought 1 thing recently from Nintendo within the last year: a Switch Pro controller.
Why the controller? Cause Switch emulators. They work wonderfully. I dont have to pay a cent for games. I can download the games and their updates. And there's quite a few Switch emulators.
Im not going to pay a company to automate my own abuse.
This shouldn't be confusing. Pirating software Is the defacto practice for most of the world, excluding anglo countries and I guess Japan. In places like Russia, China and the global south, many/most non-free games are out of reach for the vast majority. Also most people here don't buy into the moral outrage of piracy, which is effectively propaganda IMO.
> Also most people here don't buy into the moral outrage of piracy, which is effectively propaganda IMO.
Nor do the USA AI companies. They're bulk pirating everything thats not bolted down, and they brought bolt cutters and plasma torches to remove the secured down things.
Worse yet, we have criminal statutes for for-profit piracy. Tell me how many criminal indictments there are for the AI companies versus emulation/jailbreaking hardware.
I agree with Gabe Newell, that piracy shows a severe service delivery option. And in the case of Nintendo, they have no problem destroying your hardware on a perceived "hack action on your owned hardware". Of course, hacking laws dont apply to companies. And Switch does braindead things like "not permitting to back up save data or back up digitally purchased games"...
So yeah, in cases of Nintendo, I acquire appropriately. They have proved themselves to be an absolute horrible actor here. Fuck'em.
Almost every console jailbreak required the use of a specific game, going all the way back to the original Xbox. PS1 and 2 required a specific disc or swapping in a legit disc. Even the NES required a real game cart alongside your third party carts.
It turns out that opening locks is a hell of a lot easier when you have a key.
Cubic Ninja was not the first. The earlier ones used DS mode as an exploit using a cheap DS flashcard. I'm not even sure that was the first, but it was the first big one.
I remember having to buy GTA Liberty City Stories to jailbreak the PSP. Then there was the infamous Cubic Ninja jailbreak which caused the game to become worth hundreds of dollars.
Console hacking has been like that for a very long time. But usually after the first exploits are found and hackers can start playing with things, many more follow. Though Nintendo has been stripping down the OS every new console so there’s less interesting stuff to exploit outside of games.
Would be lovely if hardware pricing and AI finally killed consoles and exclusives. Not that expensive hardware price wouldn't also fuck pc hard, but fingers crossed some time cone where where things peg around a common PC config like steam machine. I know the more likely path is locking big budget AAA games behind streaming.
North Korea would two birds one stone pretty hard, fucking with Japan and gain all the soft power if they spend some of that hacking talent pool fulltime Sony and Nintendo emulation... using American AI.
A lot of software in the pre-ai era has relied on how intensely tedious it would be to crack as their primary sense of security, and it certainly seems like systems built in that way are going to be much more vulnerable now.
They can't ban or brick your console which would prevent you from using it, they just ban your access to their online systems which is understandable. Every vendor does this.
And in the process obsoleting the work of many very dedicated fans who went to great lengths in order to record the Mario Kart World soundtrack (iykyk)
Basically, since it wasn’t possible to extract the files from Switch 2 games, fans who wanted to listen to the Mario Kart World soundtrack outside of the game would record the audio output from their console and exploit glitches in-game to prevent sound effects from playing and phase-cancel overlapped recordings of the same song with each recording being interrupted in different parts to isolate the music then crossfade the remaining segments into the complete track.
Imagine an open console, that sells games anyway, because they are fairly priced and convenient. The console producer doesn't have to spend money to harden security, secure processors and can focus on performance instead.
I like the open platform model more myself (steam deck), but to ignore the trade offs both models present is a bit disingenuous.
One of the major reasons they raised the price on the steam deck is because it is an open platform. Since they have no guarantee you will ever buy or run steam software on the machine they need to make a profit on the hardware.
Nintendo is ECSTATIC to sell its console hardware at a loss to gain market share and software lock-in. This makes it much easier for someone trying to enter the hand-held console market to get decent hardware at a good price.
Like I said, I think the Steam model is more consumer friendly at the end of the day, but lets not act like both models don't have ups and downs for both the company and the consumer.
Steam Deck sells a tiny fraction of overall Steam games, in most of the world they are not fairly priced and Steam Deck doesn't have any focus on performance at all, they slap Deck verified on everything, even stuff that barely works. Source: I have Steam Deck since the launch. Nintendo might suck in many ways but in Europe Switch 2 is 60% of Deck price, provides way better fidelity in pretty much every title and I can play cheaply by just buying physical games and selling them after. Second hand market is great through Vinted. I barely pay any money for a game after selling it and sometimes I even earn money. Digital versions of indie game prices are basically identical in both storefronts. And the docking experience and coop play is unmatched on Switch. Steam Deck is ridiculously shitty in that regard. To be honest I still use it just because of Emudeck, if not for that I would barely touch it.
If this is true decrypted `fs` r/w, I wouldn't be surprised if we start seeing Switch 2 game dumps appear in a few hours. Given the world of recomps/decomps we now live in, that would mean console exclusives playable on arbitrary hardware (a worst-case scenario for Nintendo). We've already seen things like Tears of the Kingdom running at 60fps natively on an iPhone.
Giving LLMs arms and eyes via KVM (or webcam) is a very strong paradigm for this sort of hardware work, as it allows things to be parallelised and run 24/7. Highly recommend people play with this more (to less nefarious ends!) when working on firmware/hardware for external devices.
Worth noting too that this would have easily fetched >$50k via Nintendo's HackerOne (https://hackerone.com/nintendo).
For a while I was doing the SDcard swap thing; but realized with a usb4vc[4] (hands), a vga/hdmi usb capture dongle (eyes/ears), an old Wemo switch (on/off/reboot) and ftp/appleshare (files/logs) I could have Claude do it all for me.
Claude made me vcctrl[5] that ties all of it together, including an mcp, skills and a webkvm.
1. https://github.com/ecliptik/doskutsu
2. https://github.com/ecliptik/flynn
3. https://github.com/ecliptik/talkip
4. https://github.com/dekuNukem/USB4VC
5. https://github.com/ecliptik/vcctrl
https://www.ludit.games/
I would love to give it unattended "hands". I just thought it was more time efficient to do it manually rather than spend days trying to figure out how to automate SD card pull/plug. X and Y are relatively small, and I expect this validation to be too costly to do at a regular cadence in CI. I can trivially use a MCCI USB-C switch for the power though.
Tips would be appreciated if anyone here has thoughts.
Janky setup with two ESPs for the serial terminal and to control a servo taped to some microswitches to power cycle the board.
It worked very well, allowing Claude to spend all day and night debugging quirks with the NIC until it was able to get the driver working.
So, I think giving your IoT device some "hands" is probably worth it. For SD card automation, you can find "wireless SD cards" on Amazon/AliExpress that have a microcontroller pretending to be sd card, eg FYSETC SD-Wifi.
Heres the thing. You only have to build the automation once. While it will only take you seconds at most to pull a card, you gotta sit around and be ready for the card to be pulled.
For your problem I see 2 quick things that came to minq very quickly that could do SD card pulling for you.
1) shove a level shifter in between the SD card and device under test and have a micro enable/disable the level shifter when you want to pull/unpull. ( you can even get multiplexer IC that will do the same thing as the level shifter as acting as a switch for the SD card lines, but would allow you to connect the SD card to a 2nd device (the testing pc) to allow you to write/read data from the card when its "pulled" from the DUT.
2) 3D print a jig that will insert/remove the SD card and use a cheap RC servo to handle the movement - again using a mirco to control the servo. gives a more real world test of pulling the SD card. but only gives the the ability to pull/insert. Still required manual effort if you need to read/write to the SD card
Once you have build the jig, you can reuse the jig on the next project, so while it will take some time to do/setup it could save you time later down the road.
Edit: As for the code driving the ICs or Servo, I'm presuming you already know embedded programing, but even so, a simple Arduino sketch will be able to handle it for you, fuck ton of example code already exists for it, and can be easily controlled over USB.
So far most of my automation has been optical (tweaking display output to show correctly under a lens with odd optical characteristics, hard to simulate computationally), so pointing cameras at the device and letting the LLM iterate and tune display output has been useful.
As with any automation, it all depends on scale. Setting up a harness to repeatedly mess with microSD cards seems way more prone to failure (and false positives) than just doing it yourself, but if you're testing thousands of devices, would probably be worthwhile.
Wild, unexpected failure modes can really kick you in the junk sometimes. Sometimes you just end up doing very bad things very quickly :-)
Signed,
Now that said, the economics have changed in a world where many trivial automations can be thrown together by agents themselves in a fraction of the time it would have taken a human.
Among all gaming platforms, it’s only behind DRM free storefronts like itch.io and GOG.
Unlike PS5 or XBOX, not all switch 2 games require downloads or day 1 patches.
Are you talking about game keycards? Those don't lock to the hardware, you can resell them or lend them to others with no issue
Long term when someone makes emulating Switch 2 on your Steam Deck a 1-click install I'm not so sure.
Internet nerds like us aren’t really Nintendo’s target market, I don’t think. Installing emulators or jailbreaking a system isn’t something most of their customer base would have the want or need to do, IMO.
I also own a Switch 1 w/ Breath of The Wild but I prefer to emulate it because you can increase the draw distance, get 60 FPS, add some HD textures [1], and fix some other issues that I had with the game because the Switch 1 was such terrible hardware. Even the Switch 2 version isn't nearly as good as the one you can get from emulating.
[1]https://youtu.be/YK2lkGsaoaw
But still, you have to set it up, so I get your point.
For what it's worth: you can use your ordinary Switch controllers on any PC just fine.
A tiny fraction of people might decide to go through hoops to pirate, but most will either play the normal way or do something else.
I had a thread disagreeing with me when i brought that up.
That’s still not what the typical person does
Which seems to be what everyone did everywhere, as the console sold very very well and the software for it sold poorly.
For what it's worth, I also had a cracked PSP. I did the battery pack hack, it was gory and awesome. I'm guessing some of the later iterations got a little simpler? All software?
I wonder what % of kids today are using a modded Switch or rooted Android.
Like if you want to do zero technical things and provide access to Minecraft without providing access to TikTok.
Still seems rather self-enflicted pain for Intendo due to still pushing locked-down consoles in 2026.
the level of polish and stability on the open world zeldas is astonishing, i never experienced anything like that in third party AA/AAA games form the last 15 years or so, playing on the switch or on the pc.
[1]: Given those were originally Playstation exclusives, it might not be the best example/comparison, but they have been available on Steam for quite some time
Alas. Having a pleasant and moral game-playing experience falls on our and the community's shoulders.
In Europe, the games are often available for cheap on Amazon.fr.
The pre-order for Ocarina of time was available for 46 Euro.
Given the continuing success of the Switch 1 even after such emulators existed, I doubt this will pose a serious problem for Nintendo.
Best case scenario, it will lead Nintendo to reevaluate their exclusivity policies, as I'd be willing to bet an official TotK iPhone port would sell very well in spite of a vibe coded alternative.
Besides the issue of games leaking early, piracy groups would also use Switch emulation as a workaround for the PC version of a multiplatform game having Denuvo DRM. They would make an installer that bundled the Switch version of a game with a preconfigured emulator, so people could run the game by double-clicking an icon without having any knowledge of how to set up a Switch emulator. This isn't really relevant anymore because of hypervisor cracks making it far easier to bypass Denuvo, but I think it demonstrates how widespread Switch piracy was.
I agree that this won't have any sort of major impact on Nintendo's bottom line, but I imagine it'll have some impact. I doubt this will lead Nintendo to change their exclusivity policies. They didn't change anything when the GBA was emulated during its commercial life, when DS piracy was rampant during its commercial life, when Wii piracy was rampant during its commercial life, when 3DS piracy was rampant during its commercial life, or when the Switch was emulated during its commercial life.
You only demonstrated how easy it was to acquire and use. You did not demonstrate how widespread it was.
More like $30k, no ("system processes allowing piracy")?
So, presumably, current and future key material compromission like on Switch 1
I actually love watching this from a distance. It's very OG cyberpunk.
They have successfully deplatformed emulator projects from the larger project hosting providers like Github. But they have not stopped them. The real emulator projects have just circled the wagons and started self-hosting their build and dist infrastructure, running independent Forgejo instances, etc. There's still more churn in the community because of the risk profile, and now because of LLMs. But it's settling down and there are a couple stable Switch 1 projects. And actually, their recent DMCA carpet bombing removed a lot of the unsafe forks of emulators on places like Github. Likely leading to more people being directed to the real ones.
I’m sure it can’t run AAA titles - but those from a few years ago? And even modern indie titles surely?
I'm sure if this leads to a full CFW environment people will port it over.
For example I tried to investigate some CVE's on older android roms and it downright was refusing it. It was okay when doing it on... Microsoft and to submit a microsoft bug bounty but android was no go.
Start of the year: I asked Claude to explain me the leaked Pokemon Emerald codebase,he refused no matter what I tried.
Fast forward today: I asked it to take the codebase and aim for web browsers, it didn't even complain, just did it.
"Sorry, I can't help with exploit weaponization Dave"
"Okay,...."
- it says codex but not what model, it could have been an abliterated model or something more open to this sorta thing
- convince the model youre not doing the thing youre doing (a bunch of ways to go about this, some short and some long)
its probably possible to convince any model to do any thing if youre clever enough about your approach, kinda just the way this stuff works. General intelligence = infinite ways to direct it.
also tbh it coulda just been fine with it since the user owns the hardware and phrased it in a non malicious way.
https://www.switch-bot.com/products/switchbot-bot
Reason: Codex shut me down when trying to find a stack overflow in my own code, saying that I had to be an authorized security researcher.
It probably triggered on the word "Java" in my code. But I wasn't working on Java at all... It's a personal regex library written in *C*, and I was working on a Java dialect (I currently support 12 dialects... for fun. Stop judging me.)
I had to go back to Claude...
I sure looking forward for more people hopping on the AI hacking trend to bring them down.
Edit: Switch 2 is also biggest proponent of SD Express. Any supporter of SD cards coming back to phones and other devices should appreciate the stance taken here. Nintendo could've gone the Google/Apple route and just sold 512GB and 1TB models. Instead this effort, like Sony's Xperia phones, are completely unrecognized.
SD Express is PCIe express after all (also a possible attack vector in itself, see DaMAgeCard). With nvidia drivers for Ampere already on board maybe someone will get an RTX 3090 running on a switch 2.
And just yesterday I had to use my modded 3DS to rescue a physical 3DS cart that wasn't booting. Luckily I was able to but there's no guarantee a physical game will last forever either.
On the physical games part, Nintendo still puts their own games on full cartridges, so I don't think they're the ones that deserve the backlash here.
options for switch 2: Full game on cartridge, switch 2 edition (including switch 1 support), Game Key Card (half physical), Code in the box.
I don't see why should nintendo be blamed for providing more options. if anythng you should blame the publishers for chosing "Code in the box" (looking at you diablo) when GKC would do. or GKC when full cartridge would do.
How's that? Can't you buy & resell them on the used market? That seems like the only thing a physical cartridge gets you, and not shipping the outdated-on-day-one bits on the cart saves some money, too. Seems like win-win?
I don’t understand the second part. Game key carts physically cannot fit the game or its updates, that is the entire point of their existence (storage is expensive, keys are tiny).
Games shipping broken and needing day-1 updates is a consequence of our indifference towards physical media dying.
On the Switch and the Switch 2, I’ve never had a physical game that didn’t let me skip updates and play offline.
Probably due to a mix of Nintendo actually reviewing retail releases before they are “pressed”, and due to the fact that these are portable devices with no cellular.
Experience the game, move on.
Of course, just my own preference, not saying others need to follow it.
I liked buying used games as a poor teenager and even poorer young adult, the only way I could afford it (and selling them once I was done).
- You can't download the game after they have retired their servers (or if their servers are down / having issues)
- The game ends up taking a lot more storage space as updates are usually tiny when compared to the base game. For reference, the Switch 1 version of Zelda Tears Of the Kingdom takes 16 GB while the latest update takes only 500 MB.
But it sure was nice when you had the whole game sitting there, without having to rely on some download server still being around. I'm able to go grab a used GameBoy game off the shelf at the used game store, stick it in an old GameBoy, and outside of some games with batteries in them (repairable fwiw) it just works. This has been great for my little kids, as I trust them a lot more with a cheap GBA SP than I do the Switch when going out places. Way more pocketable, way less fragile, and the replacement cost (and repairability) is a lot better.
If I grabbed an old Switch off the shelf in 30 years, popped in a game key card, would I actually be able to play anything? Probably not. There's a good chance most of this Switch 2 will be useless in 30 years time.
Third party publishers often just put the key on it. So blame them for that
Existing companies will fold. Hyper AI companies will eat their lunch.
Here I guess you could just RMA the device or even sue Nintendo for retaliating after you just used the device you bought ?
I’ve told my friends if you plan on playing online on it, definitely don’t jailbreak.
But I wouldn’t trust that with an expensive account-bound digital library.
Switch 1 hacks bypass this by copying ofw from flash onto the microSD card and patching it there to my crude understanding, so that unsigned code never touches the firmware on the system memory.
Something like this definitely will be needed again for the Switch 2 so I'd only do this if you don't care about being banned.
EDIT: ofw = OFW = official firmware
Note that you can probably alleviate the "pain" of typing in the smilebasic by writing (or vibing) the raspberry pi pico (or similar) to emulate a keyboard and type the code in.
Given the current landscape of using LLMs to decomp/reverse-engineer everything, I wonder if gaming corporations will try to get on their communities' good graces by being less "hostile" towards the users; I don't see anyone rushing to decompile Valve games, as they provide a good service and are well liked by pretty much everyone.
My suspicion is that Nintendo, litigious as they are, will shut down any decomp project that pops up and attempt to pressure Anthropic/OpenAI/others to extend the guardrails in their models further to "protect their intellectual property".
this seems like the right level of human/agent collaboration to me. there's so much that codex can automate and giving it more tools is definitely super high leverage.
Nintendo recently banned my Switch 2 from accessing online services. This effectively turns it into a fancy brick, since you can't install any digital games or updates - only games on physical cartridges will work (without possibility of installing updates). This is despite both the console and all games being purchased legitimately. The only weird part is me being in Ukraine where there is no official Nintendo presence, and so I had to use US eShop (with PayPal and prepaid digital codes). Nintendo support is extremely unhelpful, they just say that "unauthorized transaction detected" or something like that, without offering any human review/appeal path.
It's one thing to reject a transaction in the eShop, it's another thing to permanently ban console for that. What a shit company with shit business practices. 0/10, would not recommend, would not touch anything Nintendo-related ever again without a jailbreak.
Why the controller? Cause Switch emulators. They work wonderfully. I dont have to pay a cent for games. I can download the games and their updates. And there's quite a few Switch emulators.
Im not going to pay a company to automate my own abuse.
Nor do the USA AI companies. They're bulk pirating everything thats not bolted down, and they brought bolt cutters and plasma torches to remove the secured down things.
Worse yet, we have criminal statutes for for-profit piracy. Tell me how many criminal indictments there are for the AI companies versus emulation/jailbreaking hardware.
Oh thats right, the laws only apply to the small people. https://www.ign.com/articles/nintendo-secures-legal-victory-...
I agree with Gabe Newell, that piracy shows a severe service delivery option. And in the case of Nintendo, they have no problem destroying your hardware on a perceived "hack action on your owned hardware". Of course, hacking laws dont apply to companies. And Switch does braindead things like "not permitting to back up save data or back up digitally purchased games"...
So yeah, in cases of Nintendo, I acquire appropriately. They have proved themselves to be an absolute horrible actor here. Fuck'em.
Make a JP Nintendo account and download the demo (not available globally) https://store-jp.nintendo.com/item/software/D70010000010547
It turns out that opening locks is a hell of a lot easier when you have a key.
Cool to see this happened at Caltech :)
North Korea would two birds one stone pretty hard, fucking with Japan and gain all the soft power if they spend some of that hacking talent pool fulltime Sony and Nintendo emulation... using American AI.
Do they use AI to review their code for exploits?
They are the worst of the worst when it comes to nuking systems from orbit.
Basically, since it wasn’t possible to extract the files from Switch 2 games, fans who wanted to listen to the Mario Kart World soundtrack outside of the game would record the audio output from their console and exploit glitches in-game to prevent sound effects from playing and phase-cancel overlapped recordings of the same song with each recording being interrupted in different parts to isolate the music then crossfade the remaining segments into the complete track.
Oh wait, is that not the Steam deck?
most of the top steam charts are free to play.
about 1/5th of all active players on Steam are playing Valve's first party titles.
it sells games, yes. but is it selling games the way a switch does? no.
One of the major reasons they raised the price on the steam deck is because it is an open platform. Since they have no guarantee you will ever buy or run steam software on the machine they need to make a profit on the hardware.
Nintendo is ECSTATIC to sell its console hardware at a loss to gain market share and software lock-in. This makes it much easier for someone trying to enter the hand-held console market to get decent hardware at a good price.
Like I said, I think the Steam model is more consumer friendly at the end of the day, but lets not act like both models don't have ups and downs for both the company and the consumer.
Ethics in era of vibecoding?
Ethics - for better or worse - is for suckers.